Melanoma, one of the most severe and life-threatening types of skin cancer, is a growing global issue, owing to increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Melanoma, originating in melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin colour, stands out for its rapid spread compared to other skin malignancies like squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Dr. Sunil Kumar Prabhu, a consultant dermatologist and aesthetic physician at Aster RV Hospitals in Bengaluru, gave crucial insights to Drug Today Medical Times via email, emphasizing the need for early identification and quick treatment to improve results for melanoma patients.

While the most prevalent causes of melanoma are excessive sun exposure and a history of severe sunburn, Dr. Prabhu notes that genetic susceptibility also plays a key role in the disease's development. According to Dr. Prabhu, those with pale complexions are especially vulnerable because their skin generates less melanin, which provides less natural protection against dangerous UV radiation. As a result, those with fair skin are more likely to get sunburnt, which is a key risk factor for melanoma.

Melanoma, however, does not only affect those with pale skin. Dr. Prabhu points out that people with darker skin tones, who naturally produce more melanin, have a higher level of UV protection. Despite this, melanoma can still develop in people with dark skin, and it is generally more difficult to detect. Dark-skinned people have fewer apparent changes in their moles, making the early detection of melanoma more difficult.  This emphasizes the significance of routinely checking for any odd skin changes across all skin types.

Dr. Prabhu emphasizes that moles, which are usually harmless, can develop into melanomas.  While many people have benign moles, others may develop alterations that indicate the presence of skin cancer. He suggests that regular self-examinations are required to check moles for any abnormal changes. Report any changes in the size, shape, colour, or texture of moles to a doctor as they may indicate the presence of melanoma. Dr. Prabhu emphasizes the importance of early detection, which increases the likelihood of effective treatment and a happy outcome.

Dr. Prabhu advises the ABCDE rule, a well-known strategy for detecting melanoma, to help people identify worrisome moles. This rule states that one should look for asymmetry, which occurs when one half of a mole differs from the other. Border anomalies, such as ragged, notched, or fuzzy edges, are another warning indicator. A mole with uneven coloration, such as black, brown, or spots of red, white, gray, or blue, may cause worry.  The diameter of the mole is also crucial; if it is more than 10 mm and growing, it warrants attention. Lastly, it's important to investigate any changes in size, shape, or colour over time. Dr. Prabhu emphasizes that if a mole exhibits one or more of these symptoms, it is critical to consult a dermatologist right away.

Dr. Prabhu also emphasized the importance of prevention in lowering melanoma risk. He recommends avoiding artificial UV sources, such as tanning beds, as they dramatically raise the risk of skin cancer. Furthermore, using sunscreen with at least SPF 30, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding direct sunlight during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.) are critical precautions.

Early intervention is essential in the therapy process. The primary treatment option for localised melanoma is surgical excision, which entails removing the diseased area while leaving a margin of healthy tissue. If the disease has spread to adjacent lymph nodes, Dr. Prabhu says lymph node biopsies and more procedures may be necessary. Immunotherapy, which stimulates the immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells, is another promising treatment option. Radiation therapy may alleviate symptoms or target remaining cancer cells in severe cases.

Dr. Prabhu emphasizes the vital role of early detection and therapy in melanoma care.  Regular skin checks, self-examinations, and being aware of any changes in moles or skin patches are all necessary for successful early detection. While sun protection remains the most effective preventive approach for melanoma, early intervention is critical to enhance patient care and survival rates. Dr. Prabhu advises people to prioritize skin health and see a dermatologist if they notice any abnormal changes in their skin.  Melanoma patients can have a better prognosis and quality of life if diagnosed early and treated appropriately.