Glaucoma, often referred to as the "silent thief of sight," is a progressive eye disease that can lead to irreversible blindness if left undiagnosed and untreated. According to Dr. Pradeep Balam, Consultant – Glaucoma at Sankara Eye Hospital, Hyderabad, many people first seek medical attention when they start noticing subtle changes in their vision. Symptoms such as difficulty with peripheral vision, halos around lights, mild eye discomfort, and occasional blurry vision often signal the onset of this serious condition. However, by the time these symptoms become apparent, glaucoma is usually at an advanced stage, underscoring its silent nature and the need for routine eye care.

Unlike painful eye conditions that prompt immediate attention, glaucoma advances gradually, damaging the optic nerve and reducing peripheral vision. The condition is caused by increased pressure within the eye, which affects the optic nerve’s ability to transmit visual signals to the brain. This leads to the formation of blind spots, which, if left unchecked, can eventually result in total vision loss.

Ophthalmologists recommend a baseline eye examination by the age of 40, as early symptoms of glaucoma and other age-related eye disorders often begin to appear around this time. Individuals at higher risk, including those with a family history of glaucoma, people of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent, long-term steroid users, or those with prior eye injuries, should consider earlier screenings.

While glaucoma typically develops gradually, certain factors can trigger acute attacks in individuals predisposed to the disease. Spending prolonged periods in dark environments, pupil dilation, or high stress levels can precipitate a sudden increase in intraocular pressure, leading to severe symptoms such as intense eye pain, redness, nausea, blurred vision, and halos around lights. In cases of acute angle-closure glaucoma, the pressure builds rapidly, causing severe discomfort and necessitating immediate medical intervention.

Regular eye check-ups are essential for both low-risk and high-risk individuals. Those with a lower risk of glaucoma should have an eye exam every two to four years before age 55, with increased frequency as they age. High-risk individuals require more frequent monitoring, often starting annual or biennial check-ups from an earlier age to detect the disease before irreversible damage occurs.

Although early-stage glaucoma may not present noticeable symptoms, certain warning signs should not be ignored. Blurred vision, difficulty focusing, eye redness, persistent eye pain, nausea, and gradual peripheral vision loss are key indicators that warrant immediate medical evaluation.

Receiving a glaucoma diagnosis does not necessarily mean an immediate loss of vision or a drastic change in lifestyle. With modern treatments, including medications, laser therapy, and surgery, many patients can manage the condition effectively and continue leading normal lives. By prioritizing early detection and routine eye care, individuals can safeguard their vision and prevent the devastating consequences of this silent yet serious disease.