Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom Disease, is a neurological disorder, characterised by an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. This condition can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to rest and sleep.

RLS is primarily defined by the compelling need to move the legs, often triggered or exacerbated by periods of inactivity or rest. Individuals with RLS commonly describe sensations such as tingling, crawling, or aching in their legs, leading them to move their legs to alleviate the discomfort. The severity of RLS symptoms can vary, with some experiencing occasional mild sensations while others endure more frequent and intense episodes.
Cause
The exact cause of RLS remains unclear, but genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the condition. Abnormalities in dopamine regulation within the brain, iron deficiency, and certain medical conditions such as kidney failure and peripheral neuropathy may play a role in developing RLS. Pregnancy, medications, and lifestyle factors like caffeine and alcohol consumption can also exacerbate symptoms.
Underlying Mechanisms
The underlying mechanism of RLS involves an imbalance in neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine, responsible for controlling muscle movement. Disruptions in these pathways contribute to abnormal sensations and the urge to move the legs. The symptoms often worsen during the evening and night, leading to sleep disturbances and insomnia for many individuals.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of RLS include an overwhelming urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. These sensations are often described as creeping, crawling, tingling, or aching. Symptoms typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, such as when sitting or lying down, and can lead to sleep disturbances. The severity of RLS symptoms can vary from mild to severe, and the condition can significantly impact daily activities and overall well-being.
Treatment
While there is no cure for RLS, various treatment options aim to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals affected. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding triggers like caffeine and alcohol, establishing a regular sleep routine, and incorporating moderate exercise, can be beneficial. Medications, including dopamine agonists, benzodiazepines, and anti-seizure drugs, may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms. Iron supplements may be recommended if iron deficiency is identified as a contributing factor. In some cases, addressing underlying medical conditions that may exacerbate RLS can also be part of the treatment approach. As RLS is a chronic condition, ongoing collaboration with healthcare professionals is essential to tailor treatment strategies to individual needs and optimise long-term outcomes.